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Inscription by: Kalacuri
Abhōṇa Plates of Śaṅkaragaṇa
  • Kalacuri
  • 3rd August 597 CE (Śrāvaṇa, śukla 15, varṣa 347)
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Abhona, Nashik, Maharashtra
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 4, pp. 38-44.
Introduction

The Abhona copper-plate inscription, discovered in the Nashik district, Maharashtra, is an administrative charter issued by the Kalacuri ruler Śaṅkaragaṇa. Engraved on two plates in the Brāhmī script, the language being Sanskrit, the text dates to the fifteenth tithi of the bright fortnight of Śrāvaṇa of the year 347 which corresponds to 3rd August 597 CE. 

Issued from Ujjayanī (modern Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh), king Śaṅkaragaṇa, a devout Śaiva and ruler of the expanse between the eastern and western oceans, directed an administrative to his state officials. The charter records the donation of one hundred nivartanas of land within the village of Vallisikā in the Bhogavardhana district. Granted at the request of Goggā, the land is bestowed upon a resident of Kallivana, brāhmaṇa Svāmin of the Gautama gotra and student of the Taittiriya śākhā. Exempt from standard taxes and forced labor, the endowment provisions the daily performance of Vedic sacrifices including bali, caru, vaiśvadeva, and agnihotra. Mahāpīlupati Pāśupata served as the dūtaka, and sāndhivigrahika Vāṭyali drafted the edict.

Translation
See Original

Lines 1 to 9

Success! Hail! From the victorious camp pitched at Ujjayanī:

In the family of the Kaṭaccuris, which, resembling the great ocean, is stainless and extensive like the firmament clear on the advent of autumn; which is made resplendent by the multitude of the manifold excellences of the men (born in it) as the ocean is by the mass of the rays of its gems; which is difficult to overcome, being the resort of men of great courage, as the ocean is difficult to cross, being the asylum of large animals; which is endowed with serenity (and) is intent on observing the rules of moral conduct as the ocean is deep and is determined to remain within its bounds; (there was) the illustrious Kṛṣṇarāja, who brightened the world with his fame which, like moonlight, attracted the minds of all people; who, from his very birth was devoted to Paśupati (Śiva), revived the prosperity of his family (and therefore, though) free from (all) defects, resembled the moon, (which has spots), which rests on Śiva and revives the beauty of clusters of night-lotuses. He was resorted to by all attractive royal qualities and other excellences as if out of a desire to find a choice resting place, was possessed of all the constituents of royalty (and) had properly acquired royal powers and attained successes. Shining with his illustrious lineage, with the flow of his charity always unchecked, and the greatness of his prowess well known, he conquered the regions marching about fearlessly, even as the leader of a herd of wild elephants, who looks splendid with his excellent back-bone, has an ever unceasing flow of rut and well-known might of strength, brings down rows of forest-trees, moving about fearlessly. He wielded his weapon (only) for the protection of the distressed, fought (only) for humbling the arrogance of his enemies, was engaged in study (only) for humility, acquired wealth (only) to spend it in charity, made gifts (only) for the sake of religious merit, and accumulated religious merit (only) to secure final liberation.

Lines 10 to 16

His son, the illustrious Śaṅkaragaṇa, who meditates on the feet of (his) mother and father; who is a devout worshipper of Maheśvara; who is the lord of the countries bounded by the eastern and western oceans and of other lands; who has, on the earth, no adversary (worthy of him); whose fame has tasted the waters of the four oceans; whose prowess equals that of Dhanada (i.e., Kubera), Varuṇa, Indra and Antaka (i.e., Yama); who, by the might of his arms, has acquired the fortune of powerful kings; to whom the circle of neighbouring princes has submitted, (being subdued) by his great prowess; who is engaged in the acquisition of religious merit, wealth and pleasure, which (in his case) never come into conflict with one another; whose serene and noble heart is highly pleased by mere submission; who has performed religious rites by spending, in charity, plenty of wealth which he had obtained by properly protecting his subjects; who has reinstated royal families, which had long been dethroned; who has exterminated such as had risen too high; who bestows, on the distressed, blind and poor people, abundant gifts which exceed their desires, issues this order to kings, feudatories, Bhogikas, heads of viṣayas, mahāttaras of rāṣṭras and villages, officials and others:

Lines 17 to 22

Be it known to you! For the increase of religious merit and fame of our mother and father and of ourself, we have granted, with a libation of water, at the request of Goggā, land measuring a hundred nivartanas by a land measure (nivartanin) of forty (daṇḍas) on either side, in the village Vallisikā, situated in the viṣaya of Bhogavardhana, together with all receipts and exempt from all gifts, forced labour and special rights, (which is) not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas according to the maxim of waste land and (is) to be enjoyed by a succession of sons and son’s sons as long as the moon, the sun, the ocean and the earth will endure, to the brāhmaṇa Svāmin of the Gautama gotra (who is) a student of the Taittirīya (śākhā) and a resident of Kallivana, for the performance of bali, caru, vaiśvadeva, agnihotra and other religious rites.

Lines 23 to 26

Wherefore, (future) kings and heads of bhogas, whether born in our family or others, considering that (this) world of living beings is unsteady like the waves of the water of the ocean tossed by a strong wind, that wealth is liable to be lost (and, therefore,) worthless, and that virtues (alone) endure for a long time, and desiring to share in the reward of this donation of land which can be equally enjoyed (by them) and to accumulate for a long time fame as lovely as moon-beams, should consent to this our gift and preserve it! Whoever, with his mind shrouded by the veil of the darkness of ignorance confiscates it or allows it to be confiscated, shall incur the five great sins!

Lines 27 to 32

And it has been said by the holy Vyāsa, the redactor of the Vedas:

(Here follow five benedictive and imprecatory verses.)

Lines 33 and 34

In the year three hundred increased by forty-seven, on the fifteenth (lunar day) of the bright half of Śrāvaṇa, this (charter), the dūtaka of which is the Mahāpīlupati Pāśupata, was written by Vāṭyali, the Chief officer in charge of the Department of Peace and War. The year 300 (and) 40 (and) 7, (the month) Śrāvaṇa, the bright (fortnight), (the lunar day) 10 (and) 5.

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First Plate 

1. siddham svasti || vijayaskandhāvārādujjayanīvāsakāccharadupagama-prasannagaganatalavimalavipule 

2. vividhapuruṣaratnaguṇakiraṇanikarāvabhāsite mahāsattvā pāśrayadurllaṅghe gāmbhīryyavati sthitya-

3. nupālanapare mahodadhāviva kaṭaccūrīṇāmanvaye sakalajanamanoharayā candrikaye va kīrtyā 

4. bhuvanamavabhāsayannā janmana eva paśupatisamāśrayaparakalaṅkadoṣarahitakulakumuda-

5. vanalakṣmīvibodhanaścandramā iva śrīkṛṣṇarājo yassamśrayaviśeṣalobhādiva sakalairābhigāmikai-

6. ritaraiśca guṇairupetassampannaprakṛtimaṇḍalo yathāvadātmanyāhitaśaktisiddhiryyena ca ruciravam –

7. śaśobhinā niyatamaskhalitadānaprasareṇa prathitabalagarimṇā vanavāraṇayūthapenevāvi –

8. śaṅkam vicaratā vanarājaya ivāvanamitā diśo yasya ca śastramāpannatrāṇāya vigrahatparā-

9. bhimānabhaṅgāya śikṣitam vinayāya vibhavārjjanam pradānāya pradānam dharmmāya dharmaḥ śreyovā – 

10. ptaye | tasya putraḥ pṛthivyāmapratirathaścaturudadhisalilāsvāditayaśā dhanadavaruṇendrāntaka –

11. samaprabhāvaḥ svabāhubalopāttorjjitarājaśrīpratāpātiśayopanatasamagrasāmanta– 

12. maṇḍalaḥ parasparāpīḍitadharmmārtthakāmaniṣevī praṇatimātrasuparitoṣagambhīronnata–

13. hṛdayassamyakprajāpālanādhigatabhūridraviṇa-viśrāṇanāvāptadharmmakriyaścirotsannā–

14. nām nṛpativamśānām pratiṣṭhāpayitātyucchritānāmunmūlayitā dīnāndhakṛpaṇasamabhila- 

15. ṣitamanorathādhikanikāmaphalapradaḥ pūrvvāparasamudrāntādideśasvāmī mātāpitṛ-

16. pādānuddhyātaḥ paramamāheśvaraḥ śrīśaṅkaragaṇaḥ sarvvāneva rājasāmantabhogikaviṣaya– 

17. patirāṣṭragrāmamahattarādhikārikādīnsamājñāpayati | astu vo viditamasmābhirbhoga 

Second Plate 

18. varddhanaviṣayāntarggatavallisikāgrāma ubhayacatvāriṃśakanivarttaninā 

19. bhūmernnivarttanaśatam sarvvādānasamgrāhyam sarvvadityaviṣṭiprātibhedikāparihīṇam bhūmi–

20. cchindranyāyenācāṭabhaṭaprāveśyamācandrārkkārṇṇavakṣiti-sthitisamakālīnam putrapautrānvapabhogyam 

21. kallivanavāstavyagautamasagotrataittirīyasabrahmacāribrāhmaṇa svāmine balicaruvaiśvadevā–

22. gnihotrādikriyotsarppaṇāya mātāpitrorātmanaśca puṇyayaśobhivṛddhaye goggāvijñāpanayodakā

23. udakātisarggeṇātisṛṣṭam | yatosmadvamśyaianyairvvā nṛpatibhogapatibhiḥ prabalapavana–

24. preritodadhijalataraṅgacañcalam jīvalokamabhāvānugatānasārānvibhavāndīrgghakālastheyasa–

25. śca guṇānākalayya bhogasāmānyabhūpradānaphalepsubhiḥ śaśikararuciram cirāya yaśaścicīṣubhi–

26. rayamasmaddāyonumantavya pālayitavyaśca | yo vājñānatimirapaṭalāvṛtamatirācchindyādācchidya–

27. mānam vānumodeta sa pañcabhirmmahāpātakaissamyuktassyāditi | uktañca bhagavatā vedavyāsena vyāsena | 

28. ṣaṣṭim varṣasahasrāṇi svargge modati bhūmidaḥ ācchetā cānumantā ca tānyeva narake vaset || 1 || vindhyāṭa–

29. vīṣvatoyāsu śuṣkakoṭaravāsinaḥ | kṛṣṇāhayo hi jāyante bhūmidāyam haranti ye || 2 || bahubhirvva– 

30. sudhā bhuktā rājabhissagarādibhiḥ | yasya yasya yadā bhūmistasya tasya tadā phalam || 3 || pūrvvadattām 

31. dvijātibhyo yatnādrakṣa yudhiṣṭhira | mahīm mahimatām śreṣṭha dānācchreyonupālanam || 4 || apica yānīha 

32. dattāni purā narendrairddānāni dharmmārtthayaśaskarāṇi | nirbbhūktamālyapratimāni tāni ko nāma sādhuḥ 

33. punarādadīta || 5 || samvatsaraśatatraye saptacatvārimśaduttarake śrāvaṇaśuddhapañcadaśyām mahāpilu–

34. patipāśupatadūtakam likhitamidam mahāsandhivigrahādhikaraṇādhikṛtavāṭyalineti || sam 300 40 7 śrāvaṇa śu 10 5 | 

edit-icnEditor's Comment:
The official draft exhibits a fusion of regional administrative practices, incorporating ornate eulogistic conventions from the Gupta dynastic traditions while retaining formal elements of the Traikūṭaka grants.
Inscription by: Vākāṭakas
Ajaṇṭā Cave Inscription of Varāhadeva
  • Vākāṭaka
  • c. 475 to 500 CE
  • Stone
  • Religious
  • Cave 16, Ajanta, Maharashtra
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 5, pp. 103-111
Introduction

The Ajanta Cave inscription is a rock-cut epigraphic record incised on the left-side wall outside the verandah of Cave XVI at Ajanta. Engraved in the box-headed Brāhmī script, the text was composed entirely in Sanskrit verse (comprising thirty-two stanzas). The record exhibits excellent calligraphy despite suffering significant weather damage and flaking on its left side. Although undated, it belongs to the reign of the Vākāṭaka monarch Hariṣena, placing its creation in the late fifth century CE (circa 475–500 CE), a date corroborated by the architectural style of the cave itself.

The inscription was executed by Varāhadeva, the minister of king Hariṣeṇa, to record the dedication of a magnificent rock-cut cave-dwelling to the Buddhist saṅgha. Varāhadeva, whose father Hastibhoja had served as minister to the previous king Devasena, made this pious dedication for the religious merit of his parents. The text provides a vivid architectural description of the cave, noting that it was adorned with windows, doors, beautiful picture-galleries, ledges, and statues of Indra's nymphs. Furthermore, the dwelling housed a temple of the Buddha inside, was provided with a large reservoir of water, and featured a shrine dedicated to the lord of the nāgas.

Translation
See Original
Verse 1 
Having bowed to the sage (Buddha) who extinguishes the rising flames of the sins of the three worlds... I shall give a eulogy about a succession of kings.

Verse 2 
There was a Brāhmaṇa (a twice-born man) on earth named Vindhyaśakti, whose strength increased in great battles, whose valour, when he was enraged, was irresistible even by gods, and who was mighty in fighting and charity.

Verse 3 
He, whose majesty was like that of Indra and Upendra (Viṣṇu), who, by the might of his arm, conquered the whole world and who destroyed the up-rooted thorns, became the standard of the Vākāṭaka race.

Verse 4 
He, eclipsing in battles the sun with the masses of dust raised by the hoofs of his horses, making the enemies... made them intent on salutation to him.

Verse 5 
Having subdued his enemies for accomplishing the work of the gods, he made a great effort to acquire religious merit...

Verse 6 
His son was Pravarasena I, whose lotus-like feet were kissed by the rays of jewels worn on the heads of hostile kings and whose eyes resembled fresh, blooming lotuses.

Verse 7 
The rays of the sun... Sarvasena was Pravarasena I’s son who defeated all armies.

Verse 8 
The illustrious Vindhyasena, the noble son of the lord of kings, governed the earth righteously, having conquered the lord of Kuntala...

Verse 9 
His son was Pravarasena II, who became exalted by his excellent, powerful and liberal rule...

Verse 10 
His son... who, having obtained the kingdom when eight years old, ruled well.

Verse 11 
His son became king who, on earth, was known as Devasena... by whose lovely enjoyments the earth... of the lord of gods.

Verse 12 
Through the greatness of the religious merit of that king... properly... there was Hastibhoja, the abode of excellences... the illustrious Commander of the Elephant Force on the earth.

Verse 13 
He, who had a broad and stout chest and lotus-like eyes, and who destroyed the partisans of his enemies, who had... arms... resembled a scent-elephant stationed in a quarter.

Verse 14 
Obliging, modest, loving, agreeable, obedient to the king’s wishes... faultlessly...

Verse 15 
So also, on account of his being a well-wisher of the world as well as by his happy and excellent rule, he was, indeed, always dear and accessible to the people like their father, mother and friend.

Verse 16 
...The king, having entrusted the government of the kingdom to him, became free from care and engaged himself in the enjoyment of pleasures, acting as he liked.

Verse 17 
Then his son became king... Hariṣeṇa, who, in loveliness, resembled Indra, Rāma, Hara, Cupid, and the moon, and who was brave and spirited like a lion.

Verse 18 
He conquered Kuntala, Avanti, Kaliṅga, Kosala, Trikūṭa, Lāṭa, Andhra... which, though very famous for valour...

Verse 19 
The son of Hastibhoja, renowned on earth, became the minister of that king... whole earth...

Verse 20 
Beloved by the king and the subjects, he, who was of staid and firm mind, endowed with the virtues of liberality, forgiveness and generosity, and intent on the performance of religious duty, governed the country righteously, shining brightly with the rays of his fame, religious merit and virtue.

Verse 21 
He amassed a large store of religious merit for... especially, after which he, regarding the sacred law as his only companion, made this sacred dwelling, being extremely devoted to the Buddha, the teacher of the world.

Verse 22 
Realising that life, youth, wealth and happiness are transitory... he, for the sake of his father and mother, caused to be made this excellent dwelling to be occupied by the best of ascetics.

Verse 23 
On the best of mountains, on which hang multitudes of water-laden clouds and which is inhabited by the lords of serpents... in the thickets of the slopes of which... by the lord of the Goddess of heroism.

Verse 24 
The dwelling which is adorned with windows, doors, beautiful picture-galleries, ledges, statues of the nymphs of Indra and the like, which is ornamented with beautiful pillars and stairs, and has a temple of the Buddha inside.

Verse 25 
Which is situated on the top of the mountain, appears attractive... a canopy, which is provided with a large reservoir of abundant water and is also ornamented with a shrine of the lord of the Nāgas and the like.

Verse 26 
...various pleasures... in a fierce wind blowing all round... warmed by the heat of the rays of the summer sun and affording enjoyment of well-known comforts in all seasons.

Verse 27 
Which resembles the palaces of the lord of gods and is similar to a cave in the lovely Mandara mountain... as desired by the people.

Verse 28 
Which... shines on the slopes of this matchless mountain... since it removes fatigue.

Verse 29 
The cave on this mountain... clothed in the brilliance of Indra’s crown, which the people, with their love expanding through joy and gratification, have named—viśāla.

Verse 30 
Having presented the cave with devotion to the Community of Monks, Varāhadeva together with the multitude of his relatives, having enjoyed royal pleasures, ruled righteously, being praised like Sugata (i.e. the Buddha).

Verse 31 
As long as... with the multitude of the hoods of serpents resembling crowding clouds... as long as the sun shines with rays red like fresh red arsenic—even so long may this spotless cave containing an excellent hall (maṇḍapa) dedicated to the three ratnas, be enjoyed!

Verse 32 
May this mountain, the peak of which contains various types of caves, which is inhabited by great people... and may the whole world also, getting rid of its manifold sins, enter that tranquil and noble state, free from sorrow and pain!
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1. udīrṇṇalokatrayadoṣavahninirvvāpaṇam - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - -yatim praṇamya pūrvvām pravakṣye kṣitipānupūrvvīm ||

2. mahāvimarddeṣvabhivṛddhaśaktiḥ kruddhassurairapyanivārryavīryyaḥ | - - - - - - - - -raṇadānaśaktiḥ dvija- -prakāśo bhuvi vindhyaśaktiḥ ||

3. purandaropendrasamaprabhāvaḥ svabāhuvīryyārjjitasarvvalokaḥ | - - - - uddhṛtakamṭakānā. babhūva vākāṭakavaṃśaketuḥ ||

4. raṇeṣu svaharya yuddhatareṇujālasañchāditārkkassa ca karma - - | - - - - - - - - - - -narātīn kṛtvābhivādapravaṇāmścakāra||

5. vinirjitārissurarājakāryye cakāra puṇyeṣu param prayatnam | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|| arinarendramaulivinyastamaṇikiraṇalīḍhakramāmbujaḥ |

6. pravarasenastasya putrobhūdvikasannavendīvarekṣaṇaḥ || ravimayūkha - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| sarvvasenaḥ pravarasenasya jitasarvvasenassutobhavat||

7. satputraḥ pārtthivendrasya praśaśāsa dharmmeṇa medinīm | kuntalendram vijitya - - - - - - -śrīvimdhyasenaḥ nṛpobhavat || pravarasenastasya putrobhūtpravarorjitodāraśāsanaḥ pravaraḥ |

8. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -|| tasyātmajaḥ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - -mavāpya rājyamaṣṭābdako yaḥ praśaśāsa samyak ||

9. tasyātmajobhūnnaradeva - - - - - - - - - - - - -bhuvi devasenaḥ | yasyopabhogairllalitairvvi-- - - - - - - -devarājasya - - - - - - -bhūḥ || puṇyānubhāvātkṣitipasya

10. samyak - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - guṇādhivāsaḥ śrīhastikośo bhuvi hastibhojaḥ || pra - - - - - - - pṛthupīnavakṣāssaroruhākṣa kṣapi-

11. tāripakṣaḥ | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bāhurddiggandhahastipratimo babhūva || hito vinītaḥ praṇayapradhāno manonukūlonuvidhānavarttī | niratyayam

12. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -kaśca || tataiva lokasya hitāśayatvātsukhena samyakparipālanena | piteva māteva sakheva nityam priyobhigamyaśca babhūva 

13. satyam || - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | svasthassamāveśya sa tatra rājā sasañja bhogeṣu yatheṣṭaceṣṭaḥ || atha tasya suto babhū-

14. va rājā . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| harirāmaharasmarevakānti rhariṣeṇo harivikkramapratāpaḥ || sa kuntalāvantikaliṅgakosalatrikūṭalāṭāndhra-

15. - - - - - jānimān | - - - - - - - - - - - - śauryyaviśrutānapi svanirddeśaguṇāti - - - - - - -|| prathito bhuvi hastibhojasūnussacivastasya mahīpaterbbabhūva | sakalakṣiti-

16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . || rāja prajeṣṭaḥ sthiradhīracetāstyāgakṣamaudārryaguṇairupetaḥ dharmmeṇa dharmmapravaṇaśśaśāsa deśam yaśaḥ puṇyaguṇāmśu-

17. - - -|| viśeṣataḥ . . . . . . . . . prati puṇyopacayam param cakāra | yata ūrdhvamimām sahāyadharmmāniratolokagurau cakāra kārām || āyurvayovittasukhāṇini

18. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cañcalāni | uddiśya mātāpitarāvudāram nyavīśadveśma yatīndrasevyam || sajalāmbudavṛndalambitāgre bhujagendrādhyuṣite mahīdharendre |

19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vīraśrīpatinā dharāni kuñje || gavākṣaniryyūhasuvīthivedikāsurendrakanyāpratimādyalaṅ-kṛtam | manoharastambhavibhaṅga-

20. bhūṣitam niveśitābhyantaracaityamandiram ||  - - - - - - -talasanniviṣṭam vitāna- - - -  manobhirāmam | - - - prakāmāmbumahānidhānam nāgendraveśmādibhira-

21. rapyalaṅkṛtam ||  - - - - - - rmmahati samīraṇe samantāt- - - - - - vividhavilāsa- - -- - - -| grīṣmārkkasya ca kiraṇopatāpataptam sarvartuprathitaguṇopabhogayogyam ||

22. . . . . . . . . . surendramandirāṇām rucimanmandarakandarānurūpam | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . janairyathepsitam || asamasya virocane girervika-

23. . . . . . . . . . . . . śramāntakatayā nivahena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . || - - viśālamiti yasya janena nāma prītiprasādavikacapraṇayena cakre | etasya 

24. - - - - - - - - - -  rlayanam surendramauliprabhopacitamaṅgalasamgrahāya || nivedya saṅghāya suveśma bhaktyā sabandhuvarggassa varāhadevaḥ | nṛdevasaukhyānyanubhūya samyak 

25. dharmeṇa śāstā sugatapraśastaḥ || sāndrāmbhodabhujaṅgabhoga nikarairyyāvat - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -nūtnamanaḥ śilālakapilairyyāvatkarairbhāskaraḥ | tāvacche-

26. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -sevyatāmantarmaṇḍaparatnametadamalam ratnatrayodbhāvitam || vividhalayanasānussevyamāno mahadbhirggiriraya-

27. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -ddhyaḥ | jagadapi ca samastam vyastadoṣaprahāṇādviśatu padamaśokam nirjvaram śāntamāryyam ||

edit-icnEditor's Comment:
It provides extensive geographical data regarding the military zenith of the Vākāṭaka empire, recording that King Hariṣeṇa conquered and held sway over Kuṇṭala, Avanti, Kaliṅga, Kośala, Trikūṭa, Lāṭa, and Āndhra.
Inscription by: Śilāhāra
Akṣī Stone Inscription of Keśideva II
  • Śilāhāra
  • 1209 CE (Cyclic year Vibhava, Śaka year 1131)
  • Stone
  • Gadhegal
  • Religious
  • Akshi (modern Alibaug), Maharashtra
  • Marathi influenced by Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 6, pp 167-168.
Introduction

This significant record reported from Akshi, Maharashtra, is engraved on a stone slab featuring the maṅgala-kalaśa along with sun and moon symbols on the top and the imprecatory ass-curse relief on the bottom. 

The record, composed in Marathi language influenced by Sanskrit, is engraved in Nāgarī script. It refers to the reign of Keśīdeva II, who is adorned with titles such as the “Lord of the Western Sea” (paśchimasamudrādhipati) and “Emperor of Konkan” (koṅkaṇachakravartī). Dated to the Śaka 1131 (1209 CE), the record commemorates public works performed by mahāpradhāna Bhairju and pradhāna Adhora in honor of the goddess Mahālakṣmī. 

Translation
See Original

Hail! Om! While Bhairju is an officer and mahāpradhāna of the illustrious Keśideva, who bears the titles Paścimasamudrādhipati and Koṅkaṇa-cakravartī—at such a time in the śaka year 1131, the cyclic year being Vibhava, Bhairju dug…….and Adhora, who is a Pradhāna of the same king, excavated . . . .in honour of Mahālakṣmī. May the world be happy!

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1. jagīṃ sukha aso | svasti oṃ paścimasa-

2. mudrādhīpatī | śrīkoṅkaṇacakra-

3. vartī | śrīkeśīdevarāya mahāpradhā-

4. na bha-irju senaḥ tasmin kāle

5. pravartamāne | śakasaṃvat 1131 vabha-

6. vā saṃvatsare a kaḍī dharmukā bai-

7. lu | bha-irjjuva tathā boḍadma tabhana u-

8. karalī | adhora pradhānu | mahālaṣu-

9. mīcī paḍī kaluna pokaralī |

 

Inscription by: Śilāhāra
Ambarnāth Temple Inscription of Māṃvaṇirāja
  • Śilāhāra
  • 27th July 1061 CE (Śrāvaṇa śuddha 9, Śaka 982)
  • Stone
  • Administrative order
  • Religious
  • Ambarnath Temple, Thane, Maharashtra
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 6, pp 110-113.
Introduction

The stone inscription was identified on a girder of the Ambarnath temple near Kalyan Thane district, Maharashtra presents an epigraphic record from the reign of the Śilāhāra ruler Mummuṇirāja (referred to as Māṃvāṇirāja). Engraved in the Nāgarī script and composed in irregular Sanskrit prose, the text dates to the Śaka 982 (1060 CE). 

The charter formally records the completion of the Ambernath temple, an architectural project initiated by the predecessor, mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Chhittarāja. Issued on the ninth day of the bright fortnight of Śrāvaṇa in Śaka 982, the record acknowledges the sovereign authority of Mummuṇirāja and enumerates the hierarchical administration managing the kingdom, listing high officials including Bimbapaiya and Nāgaṇaiya. It explicitly credits the finalisation of the temple construction to a coalition of royal preceptors, specifically mahārājaguru Nābhāta and junior rājaguru Vilaṇḍaśivabhaṭṭa, along with Tāsivarājala, the vassal commander.

 

Translation
See Original

Line 1

In the Śaka year 982, on Friday, the 9th tithi of the bright fortnight of Śrāvaṇa during the victorious reign of the illustrious mahāmaṇḍaleśvara, Māṃvāṇirājadeva, who has obtained the five mahāśabdas, who is appearing glorious with all royal titles such as the lord of the mahāmaṇḍaleśvaras,’ ‘veritable Dāmodara in the destruction of the demons that are his enemies’, ‘an adamantine cage for the protection of those that seek his refuge’ and so forth-

Line 2-3

During the augmenting, beneficial and victorious reign of that king; while the mahāmātya, the illustrious Bimbapaiya, the mahāpradhāna, the illustrious Nāgaṇaiya, the lekha-sāndhivigrahika, the illustrious Vakavaiya, the mahāsāndhivigrahika, illustrious Jogalaiya, the Senior bhāṇḍāgārasthepāḍhisena, the illustrious Mahādevaiya, the Junior bhāṇḍāgārasena Bhāilaiya, and others who are in charge of the śrīkaraṇa (administration), are bearing the burden of the cares of his entire kingdom.

Line 4-6

The illustrious Mahārājaguru Nābhāṭa, the junior rājaguru Vilaṇḍaśivabhaṭṭa the Śhakāṇa Paivayaka, the mahāsāmanta, the illustrious Tāsivarājala, having undertaken the work of construction, have completed this temple of the mahāmaṇḍaleśvara, the illustrious Chittarājadeva known as the temple of Ambaranātha in Pāṭapallī governed by Bhagala.

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1. śakasaṃvata 982 śrāvaṇa śuddha 9 śukre samadhigatāśeṣapañcamahāśabda mahāmaṇḍaleśvarādhipatiripudaityadalanadāmodara-

2. śaraṇāgatavajrapajaretyādisamastarājāvalivirājamānamahāmaṇḍaleśvara śrīmāmvāṇirājadevavijayarājye etatsamastarājyacintābhāra-

3. samudvahanamahāmātyaśrīviṃvapaiyastathā mahāpradhānaśrīnāgaṇaiyastathā lekhasāndhivigrahikaśrīvakavaiyastathā mahāsāndhivigrahikaśrījoga-

4. laiyastathā bhāṇḍāgāraprathamasthepāḍhisenamāhādevaiyastathā dvitīyasthema bhāilaiyādipradhānaśrīkaraṇādhiṣṭhitakalyāṇavijayarājye vardhamāne śrī-

5. mahārājagurunā bhātalaghurājaguruśrīvilaṃṇḍaśivabhaṭṭa ṣakāṇapaivayakamahāsāmaṃtaśrītāsivarājalaiḥ kārāpakaiḥ bhūtvā śrīambaranāthadevaku-

6. lā … … … … bhagalasamuddharitapāṭapalyāṃ mahāmaṇḍaleśvaraśrīmacchittarājadevasya bhavanaṃ saṃpāditam |

edit-icnEditor's Comment:
The reference to the mahāmatya Bimbapāiya in this record is particularly significant, as it represents an important milestone in reconstructing the early medieval regional history of Mumbai.
Inscription by: Vākāṭakas
An unfinished Durg Plate
  • Vākāṭaka
  • c. 5th century CE
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Mohalla, Durg District, Chattisgarh
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 5, pp. 76-78.
Introduction

The unfinished Durg copper plate, discovered at Mohalla in the Durg district, Chhattisgarh, represents an incomplete Vākāṭaka charter. Engraved on a remarkably thin single plate in the box-headed Brāhmī script and Sanskrit language, the text halts abruptly after just five lines. The record was to be issued from Padmapurā. Paleographic and historical evidence suggests it dates to a period following Pravarasena II, likely during the reign of Narendrasena. Due to its unfinished state, the surviving text merely provides the standard initial genealogical formula characteristic of Vākāṭaka copper-plate charters. It lacks the customary authorising mark of "dṛṣṭam."

Translation
See Original

From Padmapura:

...[who was] the grandson of the illustrious Pravarasena I, the mahārāja of the Vākāṭakas, the Samrāṭa (Universal Monarch), who performed the Agniṣṭoma, Āptoryāma, Ukthya, Ṣoḍaśin, Atirātra, Vājapeya, Bṛhaspatisava, Sādyaskra, and four Aśvamedha sacrifices, and who belonged to the Viṣṇuvṛddha gotra;...[and who was] the daughter’s son of the illustrious Bhavanāga, the mahārāja of the Bhāraśivas—whose royal family was created by Śiva, who was greatly pleased by their carrying the Śiva liṅga like a load placed upon their shoulders, who were besprinkled on their heads with the pure water of the river Bhāgīrathī obtained by their valour, and who performed the ritual ablutions upon the completion of ten Aśvamedha sacrifices...

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1. padmapurāt | agniṣṭomāptoryyāmokthyaṣoḍaśyatirātravājapeyabṛhaspatisava- sādyaskracaturaśva-

2. medhayājinaḥ viṣṇuvṛddhasagotrasamrājaḥ vākāṭakānāmmahārājaśrīpravarasenasya sūnoḥ sūnoḥ

3. atyantasvāmimahābhairavabhaktasya amsabhārasanniveśitaśivaliṅgodvahanaśivasupari-

4. tuṣṭasamutpāditarājavaṃśānām parākkramādhigatabhāgī ratthyamalajalamūrddhā bhiṣiktānām

5. daśāśvamedhāvabhṛtha snātānāmbhāraśivānāmmahārājaśrībhavanāgadauhitrasya

Inscription by: Gurjara
Anjaneri Plates of Jayabhaṭa III
  • Gurjara
  • Tuesday, 23rd September 710 CE (Āśvayuja, vadya di. 11, varṣa 460)
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Anjaneri, Nashik, Maharashtra
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 4, pp. 90-96.
Introduction

The Anjaner plates of Jayabhaṭa III, issued in the Kalacuri year 460 (710 CE), were discovered in the Nashik district of Maharashtra. This Sanskrit charter records a land grant by the Gurjara ruler Jayabhaṭa III. The inscription is engraved on two copper plates utilising the Brāhmī script, featuring a solar symbol on its seal.

Issued from Bharukachchha (modern Bharuch, Gujarāt), the charter records the donation of sixty nivartanas of land, divided into three distinct plots, within Tōraṇaka village of the Nāndīpura districts. The beneficiary was the brāhmaṇa Nārāyaṇa, a student of the Kauthuma śākhā of the Sāmavēda residing at Brahmapurī. The grant was made on the occasion of the Tulā saṅkrānti to support the five great sacrifices (pañcamahāyajña). Detailed boundaries mention the river Karillinī, various roads, and neighboring family fields. It was executed by the dūtaka Bāvulla and written by Sahabhaṭa, carrying the royal sign-manual.
Translation
See Original

Lines 1 to 4

Success! Hail! From the camp at Bharukaccha:

In the great lineage of the mahārāja Karṇa which, like a lake full of lotuses, has become the perpetual abode of Lakṣmī; which allays the suffering caused by desire for wealth, as a lake quenches thirst for water; which has its greatness enhanced by the sun; and which shines with prosperity affording support to the families of Brāhmaṇas, as a lake gives shelter to multitudes of birds, there was, like a swan, the illustrious Dadda [II]; whose pure disposition was not affected by the freaks of the powerful Kali age; who, by his inscrutable and noble deeds, excited the wonder of all the guardians of the world; and who possessed a canopy of glory having the grace of a moving, large, white cloud, which had sprung from his protection of the King of Valabhī when he was attacked by the Emperor, the illustrious Harṣadeva.

Lines 5 and 6

His son was the illustrious Jayabhaṭa [II]; the joy of whose mind was heightened as his stores of wealth were enjoyed by supplicants who fearlessly approached him; whose valour was nurtured by the destruction of the families of many foes, even as fire is fed by the burning of a mass of thorns and bamboos; and who covered the lotus-like faces of the damsels of the cardinal regions with the shining white garment of his fame, in the guise of pearls from the frontal lobes of the elephants of his enemies, cleft by the sharp edge of his sword.

Lines 7 to 12

His son was the illustrious Dadda [III]; who was clever in performing his duty through discrimination acquired by the study of the sacred treatise composed by the great sage Manu; who, by maintaining the institutions of varṇas and āśramas, completely uprooted the pride of the Kali age; who annihilated the vanity of all kings by spending in charity the wealth he had acquired in excess of the desires of his supplicants; whose valour in mounting mighty elephants, uncontrollable through rut, had grown restive under the goad; whose habit of performing acts of benevolence was celebrated throughout the world through his deliverance of hundreds of kings who had fallen under the blow of adversity; whose second name, Bāhusahāya, meaning one whose arm is the sole helper, became renowned through the valour of his arm exhibited in routing numerous hosts of elephants in the great wars fought with the supreme rulers of the east and the west; and who was a devout worshipper of Maheśvara and attained the pañcamahāśabda.

Lines 13 to 15

His son, the illustrious Jayabhaṭa [III], who is clever in destroying the hosts of elephants thickly arrayed in the clash of many battles; who is a wild fire in burning the forests of the rebellious; who is to the destitute, helpless, and distressed people, friends, servants, and relatives as the full moon is to clusters of lotuses; who is able to confound his adversaries as the current of the Bhāgīrathī is to undermine the opposite banks; who is the commandant of a large and boisterous army, even as Śāntanu was the lord of a great and noisy river; and who has rescued kings by the might and valour of his arm, even as the primeval Boar rescued the earth, who is a devout worshipper of Maheśvara and has attained the pañcamahāśabda; being in good health, addresses the following order to all kings, feudatories, bhogikas, heads of viṣayas, the mahattaras of rāṣṭras and villages, officials, and others:

Lines 15 to 30 

Be it known to you that for the increase of the religious merit and fame, in this world and the next, of (my) mother and father and of myself, I have today, on the eleventh (tithi) of the dark fortnight of Āśvayuja, on the occasion of the sun’s entering the Tulā (rāśi), granted with a libation of water, fields measuring sixty nivartanas in three pieces of land with their boundaries defined as follows: a piece of land measuring fifty-two nivartanas in the north-east direction of the village Toraṇaka situated in the Nāndīpura viṣaya, the boundaries of which are on the east, the road going to the village Jayapura (and) the tank adjacent to the pit Hastinikā; on the south, the family field belonging to the householder Dīpa, separated by the field boundary marked by the Charedakī tree, and a stream flowing from the field boundary towards the south; and on the west, the road going from the village Toraṇaka to the village Viddheraka and the sumiāra tree growing on the boundary of the field and a stream flowing into the Dhammāṇa pit; on the north, the Dhammāṇa pit. The piece of land defined by these four boundaries; further, in the marshy region in the southern direction of this very village, a piece of land measuring five nivartanas, the boundaries of which are: on the east, the family field belonging to the householder Reevalla separated by the boundary of baraṭaka; on the south, the river Karilliṇī; on the west, the family field belonging to the householder Vijaḍamba separated by the boundary of baraṭaka and marked by an umbrella; on the north, the brāhmadeya field belonging to the brāhamaṇa Dāmodara and a royal road, the field marked by these four boundaries; and on the south of this very piece of land, in the (same) marshy region, (another) piece of land measuring three nivartanas and surrounded by mango trees of the marshy region, the boundaries of which are: on the east, the river Karilliṇī; on the south, the same river Karilliṇī; on the west, the boundary leading to the village Bhūtishohī; on the north, the vitaṭī of the river Karilliṇī marked by the aṅkolla tree, (the fields measuring sixty nivartanas in all in three pieces of land with their four boundaries defined as above), together with the uparikara, with taxes on commodities manufactured and imported, with the income in grain and gold, with (the fines imposed for) the ten offences, with the right to forced labour arising therefrom, free from the interference of all officers of the state, exclusive of the gifts to gods and brāhamaṇas previously made (and) including houses, immovables and movables, which are to be enjoyed by a succession of sons and sons’ sons as long as the moon, the sun, the ocean, the earth, rivers and mountains will endure, according to the maxim of waste land, to the brāhmaṇa Nārāyaṇa, the son of the brāhamaṇa Caṣaṭasvāmin, of the Śāṇḍilya gotra, (who is) a student of the Kauṭhuma śākhā of the Chandoga (i.e., Sāmaveda) who resides at Brāhmapurī and belongs to the community of the Caturvedins of that place, for the performance of five great sacrifices, viz., bali, caru, vaiśvadeva, agnihotra, (reception of) guests and such other (religious) rites. 

Lines 31 to 33

Wherefore, none should cause obstruction while he is enjoying it, cultivating it, or causing it to be cultivated in accordance with the rules applicable to brahmadāya land. And future gracious kings, whether born in our family or others, should consent to this our gift and preserve it! Whoever, with his mind shrouded by the veil of the darkness of ignorance, would confiscate it or allow it to be confiscated, shall incur the five great sins together with the minor sins.

Lines 33 to 37 

And it is said by the holy Vyāsa, the redactor of the Vedas:

(Here follow six benedictive and imprecatory verses.) 

Lines 38 and 39  

This (charter), the dūtaka of which is the balādhikṛtā Bāvulla, has been written by the balādhikṛta Sahabhaṭa, the son of the balādhikṛta Durgabhaṭa. Recorded in the year 400 (and)    60, (the month) Āśvayuja (and) the dark (fortnight) (and) (on the lunar day) 10 (and) 1. This is the sign-manual of me the illustrious Jayabhaṭa. 

Seal 

The illustrious Jayabhaṭa 

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First Plate

1. siddham | svasti | śrībharukacchātsatatalakṣmīnivāsabhūte | tṛṣṇāsantāpahāriṇi | dinanāthavistāritānubhāve | dvijakulopajīvyamānavibhavaśā– 

2. lini | mahati mahārājakarṇṇanviye kamalākara iva rājahamsaḥ prabalakalikālavilasitānākulitavimalasvabhāvo gambhīro-

3. dāracaritavismāpitasakalalokapālamānasaḥ parameśvaraśrīharṣadevābhibhūtavalabhīpatiparitrāṇopajātabhramada–

4. dabhraśubhravibhramayaśovitānaḥ śrīdaddastasya sūnuraśaṅkitāgatapraṇayijanopabhuktavibhavasañcayopacīyamānama–

5. nonirvṛtiranekakaṇṭakavamśasandohadāhadurllalitapratāpānalo | niśitanistrimśadhārādāritārātikarikumbhamuktāphalaccha-

6. lollasitasitayaśoṅśukāvaguṇṭhitadigvadhūvadanasarasijaḥ śrījayabhaṭastasyātmajo mahāmunimanupraṇītapravacanādhiga-

7. mavivekasvadharmmānuṣṭhānapravīṇo varṇṇāśramavya vasthonmūlitasakalakalikālāvalepaḥ praṇayijanamanorathaviṣayavyatītavibhava–

8. sampādanāpanītāśeṣa pārtthivadānābhimāno madavivaśāṅkuśātivarttikupitakarinivāraṇaprathitagurugajādhiro-

9. haṇaprabhāvo | vipatprapātapatitanarapatiśatābhyuddharaṇanikhilalokaviśruta paropakārakaraṇavyasanaḥ prācyapratīcyādhi–

10. rājavijṛmbhitamahāsamgrāmanarapatisahasrapari vāritānekagajaghaṭāvighaṭanaprakaṭitabhujavīryyavikhyātabāhusahāyā– 

11. paranāmā | paramamāheśvarassamadhigatapañcamahāśabdaḥ śrīdaddastasya sūnuranekasamarasamghaṭṭaghanaghaṭitagajaghaṭāpāṭa-

12. napaṭurasahiṣṇuvanagahanadāvānalo | dīnānāthāturasuhṛtsvajanabandhukumudākarakaumudīniśākaro | bhāgīrathīpravāha i- 

13. va vipakṣakṣobhakṣamaḥ śāntanuriva samudbhūtakalakalārāvamahāvāhinīpatirādivarāha iva svabhujabalaparākramoddhṛtadha-

14. rādharaḥ paramamāheśvarassamadhigatapañcamahāśabdaḥ śrījayabhaṭakuśalī sarvvāneva rājasāmantabhogika | viṣayapatirāṣṭra–

15. grāma mahattarādhikārikādīnsamanudarśam yat yastu vassamviditam yathā mayā mātāpitrorātmanaścaihikāmuṣmikapuṇyayaśobhi–

16. vṛddhaye | brahmapurīnivāsyetaccāturvvidyasāmānyaśāṇḍilyasagotra | chandoga | kauṭhumasabrahmacāribrāhmaṇacaṣṭasvāmiputra–

17. brāhmaṇanārāyaṇāya | balicaruvaiśvadevāgnihotrātithipañcamahāyajñādikriyot sarppaṇārttham | nāndīpuraviṣayāntarggata |

18. toraṇakagrāmasya pūrvvottaradigvibhāge | dvāpañcāśannivartanapramāṇam bhūkhaṇḍam | yasyāghāṭanāni |

Second Plate 

19. pūrvvataḥ jayapuragrāmayāyī panthā hastinikāgarttāsamlagnam saro dakṣiṇataḥ chredakīvṛkṣopalakṣitamairāntari- 

20. takuṭumbidīpasatkakauṭumbakṣetram | mairātassamutthito dakṣiṇābhimukho bahaśca | tathā aparataḥ toraṇakagrā–

21. māt viddherakagrāmayāyī panthāḥ tathā kṣetramadirotthito sumi āravṛkṣaḥ tathā dhammaṇagarttāgāmī bahaśca | uttarataḥ dhammāṇakhaṭṭā |

22. evame | taccaturāghāṭanopalakṣitam bhukhaṇḍam tathāsyaiva grāmasya dakṣiṇadigvibhāge kacche | pañcanivarttanapramāṇam bhūkhaṇḍam | yasyāghāṭanāni pū– 

23. rvvataḥ varaṭa kamaryyādāntaritakuṭumbirevallasatkakauṭumbakṣetram | dakṣiṇataḥ karilliṇīḥ nadī | aparataḥ chattrābhyupalakṣitavaraṭakamaryā–

24. dāntaritakuṭumbivijaḍambasatkakauṭumbakṣetram | uttarataḥ brāhmaṇadāmodarasatkabrahmadeyakṣetram | rājakīyacarikā ca | tadevam caturāghāṭa– 

25. nopalakṣitam bhūkhaṇḍam | tathāsyaiva bhūkhaṇḍasya dakṣiṇādigvibhāge kacche  kacchikāmranibaddhanivarttanatrayapramāṇam bhūkhaṇḍam yasyāghāṭanāni 

26. pūrvvataḥ karilliṇī nadī | dakṣiṇataḥ saiva karilliṇī nadī | aparataḥ bhūtiṣohīgrāmagāmī sīmāsandhiḥ uttaratoṅkollavṛkṣopalakṣita–

27. karilliṇīnadīvitaṭī | evametacatuścaturāghāṭanopalakṣitabhūkhaṇḍatrayāvastitaṣaṣṭi nivarttanapramāṇam kṣetram  soparikaram  sabhūtavāta

28. pātapratyāyam | sadhānyahiraṇyādeyam | sadaśāparādham sotpadyamānaviṣṭikam  sarvvarājakīyānāmahastaprakṣepaṇīyam | pūrvvapratta-

29. devabrahmadāyarahitam | bhūmicchidranyāyenācandrārkkārṇṇavakṣitisaritparvvatasamakālīnam putrapautrānvayakramopabhogyam | gṛhasthāva–

30. racalakasahitamadyāśvayujabahulaikādaśyām tulāsaṅkrānteravāvudakātisarggeṇa pratipāditam | yatosyocitayā brahmadāyasthityā bhum-

31. jataḥ kṛṣataḥ karṣayata pratidiśato vā na kaiścidvyāsedhe varttitavyamāgāmibhadranṛpatibhirasmadvamśyairanyairvvāya masmaddāyonumantavyaḥ 

32. pālayitavyaśca | yaścājñānatimirapaṭalāvṛtamatirācchindyādācchidyamānakam vānumodeta sa pañcabhirmmahāpātakaissopa-

33. pātakaissamyukkataḥ syāditi | uktam ca bhagavatā vedavyāsena vyāsena | ṣaṣṭim varṣasahasrāṇi svargge tiṣṭhati bhūmidaḥ | ācchettā cānumantā ca tā–

34. nyeva narake vaset || 1 || vindhyāṭavīṣvatoyāsu śuṣkakoṭaravāsinaḥ | kṛṣṇāhayo hi jāyante | bhūmidāyam haranti ye || 2 || bahubhirvvasudhā bhuktā 

35. rājabhissagarādibhiḥ | yasya yasya yadā bhūmistasya tasya tadā phalam || 3 || agnerapatyam prathamam suvarṇṇam bhūrvvaiṣṇavī sūryyasutāśca gāvaḥ | 

36. lokatrayam tena bhavettu dattam | yaḥ kāñcanam gām ca mahīm ca dadyāt || 4 || yānīha dattāni purā narendrairdānāni dharmmārtthayaśaskarāṇi | ni-

37. rbhukktamālyapratimāni tāni | ko nāma sādhuḥ punarādadīta || 5 || svadattām paradattām vā yatnādrakṣa yudhiṣṭhira | mahīm mahimatām śreṣṭha dānā–

38. cchreyonupālanam || 6 || iti || likhitamidam balādhikṛtadurggabhaṭasūnunābalādhikṛtasahabhaṭeneti || balādhikṛtabāvulla– 

39. dūtakaṃ || sam 400 60 | āśvayuja ba 10 1 | nibaddham || svahasto mama śrījayabhaṭasya ||

Seal 

śrī-jayabhaṭaḥ |

Inscription by: Māhiṣmatī
Bagh Cave Plate of Subandhu
  • Māhiṣmatī
  • 5th century CE.
  • Copper Plate
  • Administrative order
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Bagh Cave 2, Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 4, pp. 19-21.
Introduction

The Bagh cave copper-plate inscription, discovered in the debris of Cave 2 at Bagh in Madhya Pradesh, is an administrative charter issued by mahārāja Subandhu. Engraved on a single unsealed plate with the royal sign-manual in the left margin, the Sanskrit record is written in the Brāhmī script featuring distinct nail-headed characters. While a broken corner obscures the exact chronological year, retaining only the month Śrāvaṇa, paleographic and historical correlation with Subandhu's Barwani grant places the epigraph in the early fifth century CE.

Issued from the capital city of Māhiṣmatī (modern Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh), mahārāja Subandhu directs this mandate to state officials and local residents within the Dāsilakapallī subdivision. The edict registers the donation of a village as a tax-exempt agrahāra, inclusive of udraṅga and uparikara taxes, governed by the maxim of waste land. This religious endowment was established to support the Kalāyana monastery, originally constructed by Dattaṭaka. The granted revenues are specifically allocated for the worship of Buddha with perfumes and flowers, the maintenance of an alms-house, structural repairs to the monastery, and the provision of essential supplies, clothing, food, beds, and medicine, for the resident community of venerable monks arriving from all four directions.

Translation
See Original

Line 1 to 3

Om! Hail! From the city of Māhushmatī,  mahārāja Subandhu, being in good health, issues the following order to sthānalakas, collectors of the royal cess (dityodgrāhakas), āyuktakas, viniyuktakas, cāṭas, bhaṭas, members of the managing committee (gosṛhikas), officers looking after egress and ingress passports (gamāgamikas), dūtapreṣaṇikas, and others, as well as villagers at ….. in the pathaka of Dāsilakapallī.

Line 4 to 9

Be it known to you that for the increase of the religious merit of my parents and myself, this village has been granted by me together with udraṅga and uparikara, as an agrahāra according to the maxim of waste land, in order that it may be used for defraying the expenses of perfume, frankincense, flowers and offerings as well as for maintaining an alms-house, for repairing broken and rent portions of the vihāra and for providing the community of venerable monks coming from all the four quarters, with clothing, food, nursing of the sick, beds, seats as well as medicine in the monastery called Kalāyana (the Abode of Art) caused to be constructed by Dattāṭaka, as long as the moon, the sun, the oceans, planets, constellations and the earth would endure.

Line 10 to 11

Having known this, our officers and rulers of other countries should not cause obstruction out of their love for religion and regard for us, while the monks of this vihāra are enjoying the village.

(Here occurs a benedictive and imprecatory verse.)

Line 12

My own command ………………………. In the month of Śrāvaṇa …...

(In the margin) Of the mahārāja Subandhu.

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1. siddham | svasti | māhiṣmatīnagarānmahārājasubandhukuśalī dāsilakapallīpa–

2. thake ……………… grakāṃsthānalakadityodgrāhakāyuktakaviniyuktaka–

3. cāṭabhaṭagoṣṭhikagamāgamikadūtapreṣaṇikādīngrāmaprativā- 

4. sinaśca samājñāpayati | viditamastu vaḥ yathaiṣa grāmo mayā dattaṭa–

5. kakāritakalāyanavihāre mātāpitrorātmanaśca puṇyāpyāyanārtthamācandrā–

6. rkkārṇṇavagrahanakṣatrakṣitisthitisamakālīno bhagavate buddhāya gandhadhūpa– 

7. mālyabalisatropayojyo bhagnasphuṭitasamska raṇārtthamāryyabhikṣusaṅghasya 

8. cāturddiśābhyāgatakasya cīvarapiṇḍapātaglānapratyayaśeyyāsanabhai–

9. ṣajyahetorāgrahārassodraṅgassoparikaro bhūmicchidranyāyenāgrahāro 

10. atisṛṣṭa iti viditvādyadivasādārabhyāsmadīyairanya viṣayapatibhiśca…..

11. prītyāsmatprītyā ca bhikṣavo bhuñjanto na vyāseddhavyāḥ | ṣaṣṭivarṣasahasrāṇi 

12. svargge modati bhūmidaḥ | ācchattā cānumantā ca tānyeva narake vaset || svaya- mājñā | ……

13. śrāvaṇa …………… 

(In the margin) mahārājasubandhoḥ |

edit-icnEditor's Comment:
The record demonstrates state sponsorship of a Buddhist institution by a ruler whose other known charter records an agrahāra grant with tax exemptions.
Inscription by: Sendraka
Bagumra Plates of Allaśakti
  • Sendraka
  • 10th August 656 CE (Bhādrapada, śuddha 15, varṣa 406)
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Bagumra, Surat, Gujarat
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 4, pp. 117-122.
Introduction

Issued in the Kalacuri year 406, Bhādrapada, śuddha 15 corresponding to 10th August 656 CE, these copper plates were discovered at Bagumra in Gujarat. The inscription belongs to the Sendraka dynasty, recording the lineage from Bhānuśakti to his grandson Allaśakti, also known as Pṛthivīvallabha Nikumbha. Engraved in the Brāhmī, the record is in Sanskrit language.

The charter records the grant of Balisa village, located within the Treyanṇā āhāra, by the king Allaśakti. The beneficiary was Bappasvāmin, a brāhmaṇa of the Bhāradvāja gotra and resident of Vijaya-Aniruddhapuri. The donation, made on the full moon day of Bhādrapada, was intended to support the five great sacrifices including agnihotra and vaiśvadeva. It conveys various administrative rights, such as udraṅga and uparikara, while ensuring the land remains exempt from the entry of irregular troops and forced labor. The charter was drafted by Devadinna, the minister for peace and war (sāndhivigrahika), under the authority of a high military official.

Translation
See Original

Success!

Verse 1

May the orb of the sun, the large lotus of the lake of the first eastern quarter, the coral leaf of the ocean of the firmament, the fresh jasmine flower of the gods, grant you victory!

Lines 2 to 5 

Hail! In the great lineage of the Sendraka kings, which is firmly established, excellent, and elevated like the peak of the mountain Meru, and whose fame has become expanded, there was the illustrious Bhānuśakti, the lord of men, who obtained victory in the clash of fight by means of the arrays of troops of many four-tusked elephants; who conquered the multitude of all his foes; who obtained the circle of the earth by the might and prowess of his arms; whose lotus-like feet were scratched by the diadems on the heads of all feudatories who bowed to him; and who was endowed with political wisdom, modesty, truthfulness, purity, character, self-restraint, compassion, liberality, courteousness, and excellent fortune.

Lines 6 to 8 

His son was Ādityaśakti, the illustrious lord of men, who meditated on his father's feet; whose glory was spotless like the orb of the clear autumnal moon; who, being possessed of prosperity and having his kingdom devoted to him, resembled the sun which also rises and has a red orb; who, with his wealth desired and enjoyed by all people, was like the wish-fulfilling tree; who took away the kingdoms of all powerful kings as Janārdana (Viṣṇu) took away the entire kingdom of Bali; and whose fortune was fond of the enemies’ kingdoms.

Lines 9 to 17

His son, the illustrious Pṛthivīvallabha, Nikumbha Allaśakti, who meditates on his father's feet; who is glorious and is capable of protecting the earth with his staff-like right arm; whose canopy of glory, whiter than the rays of the autumnal moon shining in the sky from which water-laden clouds have disappeared, has stretched beyond the ocean; who is extremely deep in intellect,  whose wealth is being enjoyed by gods, brāhmaṇas, friends, and relatives; who, like the son of Bhava (Kārttikeya), has his progress unchecked; who, like Śakti, has obtained a kingdom; whose gait is graceful like that of a choice rutting elephant; who, like Arjuna, has obtained victory in all battles; who is endowed with unfailing prowess, energy, and might; and who, like Cupid, delights the eyes of love-lorn ladies, addresses the following order to all the kings, rājasthānīyas, cauroddharaṇikas, dāṇḍapāśīkas, dūtas, gamāgamikas, bhaṭas, cāṭas, servants and so forth, merchants and residents of the Janapada (the foremost of whom are brāhmaṇas), and others, heads of viṣayas, those of rāṣṭras and villages, āyuktakas, mahattaras, officials, and others, according as it might concern them:

Lines 18 to 25 

Be it known to you that, having regard to the other world and having heard of the great reward of gifts of land, I have granted, on the full-moon day of Bhādrapada with a libation of water, for the increase of the religious merit and fame of my mother and father and of myself, the village Balisa situated in the āhāra and viṣaya of Treyaṇṇa, together with duties on commodities manufactured or imported into the village, with udraṅga and uparikara, being exempt from all dues, gifts, forced labour, and special rights; which is not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas, according to the maxim of waste land; and which is to be enjoyed by a succession of sons and sons’ sons as long as the moon, the sun, the ocean, and the earth will endure, to the dīkṣita Bappasvāmin of the Bhāradvāja gotra, who is a student of the Mādhyandina śākhā of the Vājasaneya (or White Yajurveda) and a resident of the victorious Aniruddhapurī, for the maintenance of bali, caru, vaiśvadeva, agnihotra, and other religious rites.

Lines 26 to 30 

Wherefore, future kings, whether born in our family or others, having realised that worldly existence possesses as little worth as reeds, bamboos, and plantain trees possess sap, and that life is evanescent like a water-bubble; and having considered that youth is liable to fade like a śirīṣa flower, that prosperity slips away like water of a mountain stream, and that fortune is as unstable as the leaves of an Aśvattha tree which is struck by a very strong wind, should consent to this our gift and preserve it! But he who, with his mind shrouded by the veil of ignorance, confiscates it or allows it to be confiscated, shall incur the five great sins together with minor sins!

Lines 31 to 36 

And the holy Vyāsa, the son of Parāśara and redactor of the Vedas, has said:

(Here follow five benedictive and imprecatory verses.)

Lines 37 to 39 

In the year four hundred increased by six (406), on the fifteenth tithi of the bright fortnight of Bhādrapada. The dūtaka for this charter is Śrīvallabha Bappa. By the order of the mahābalādhikṛta Vāsava, this charter has been written by his own younger brother, the sandhivigrahādhikṛta Devadinna.
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First Plate 

1. siddham | prathamadiksarasīpṛthupaṅkajam gaganavāridhividrumapallavam | tridaśaraktajapākusumam navam 

2. diśatu vo vijayam ravimaṇḍalam || 1 || svasti | merumahīdharaśikharasthirarucirasamunnate vikasi- 

3. tayaśasi mahati sendrakarājāna | manvaye naikacāturddantagajaghaṭāṭopasamadasaṅghaṭṭala- 

4. bdhavijayo vijitāśeṣaripugaṇaḥ svabhujabalavikkramākkrāntamahīmaṇḍalaḥ praṇatāśe–

5. ṣasāmantaśiromukuṭanighṛṣṭapadapaṅkajaḥ nayavinayasatyaśaucācāradamadayādānadā-

6. kṣiṇyaśrīsampadupeto narapatiḥ śrīmadbhānuśaktistasya putrastatpādānudhyātaḥ śaradama-

7. laśāśāṅkamaṇḍalāmapalayaśāḥ savitevodayavānanuraktamaṇḍalaśca kalpadru-

8. ma ivābhivāmchitāśeṣajanopabhujyamānavibhavo janārddana ivāpahṛtāmaśeṣabali-

9. rājyaḥ paracakrānuraktalakṣmīkaḥ śrīmannarapatiḥ ādityaśaktistasya putrastatpādānudhyātaḥ

10. śrīmāndakṣiṇagurubāhudaṇḍaprithivī pālanakṣamo vyapagatasajalajala jaladhara– 

11. paṭalavyomatalagataśaradindukiraṇadhavalatarayaśovitānalaghitabhodhi ya para

12. paramagabhīro devadvijātisvajanabāndhavopabhujyamanavibhavo bhavasūnurivāpra- 

13. tihatārātiḥ śaktirivopāttarājyaḥ samadadviradavarasalīlagatirarjuna ivāśeṣasam–

14. grāmavijayī anavaratavikramotsāhaśaktiṣapannaḥ kāma iva samāna yuvatijana-

15. nayananandanaḥ śrīmatprīthivīvallabhanikumbhāllaśaktiḥ sarvvāneva yathāsambadhyamā-

16. nakān rājarājasthānīyacoroddharaṇikadāṇḍapāśikadūtagamāgamika-bhaṭacāṭase-

17. vakādīn brāhmaṇottarān vaṇigjānapadānanyāmśca gamāgamika viṣaya patirāṣṭragrāmakū-

18. ṭaṭāyuktakamahattarādhikārikādīnanudarśayati | astu vo viditam mayā 

19. paralokāvekṣatvamaṅgīkṛtya 

Second Plate 

20. mahatphalam ca śrutvā tataḥ treyaṇṇāhāraviṣayāntarggata balisagrāmo 

21. balicaruvaiśvadevāgni hotrādikriyotsarppaṇārttham mātāpitrorātmanaśca pu- 

22. ṇyayaśovṛddhaye ācandrārkkārṇṇavakṣitisthitisamakālīnaḥ putrapautrānvayakramo-

23. pabhogyaḥ sabhūtavātapratyāyaḥ sarvvādānasaṅgrāhyaḥ sarvvadityaviṣṭiprātibhedikāparihīṇaḥ 

24. bhūmicchidranyāyenācāṭabhaṭapraveśyaḥ sodraṅgaḥ soparikaraḥ bhādrapadapaurṇṇama māsyām vija-

25. yāniruddhapurīvāstavyabhāradvājasagotravājasaneyamamādhyam dinasabrahmacāriṇe bappasvāmi-

26. ne dīkṣitāya udakātisarggeṇa pratipāditaḥ | yatosmadvamśajairanyairvvā-

27. gāminṛpatibhirnnalaveṇukadalīsāram samsāram jalabudbudopamam ca jīvitamavadhāryya 

28. śirīṣakusumasadṛśāpāyam ca yauvanam girinadīsalilagatvarāṇi caiśvaryyaryyāṇi prabala-

29. pavanāhatāśvaṃtthapatracamcalā ca rajyaśrīritīdayamākalayyāyamasmaddāyonumantavyaḥ

30. pratipālayitavyaśca | yo vājñānapaṭalāvṛtamatirācchimdyādācchidyamānam vānumodeta 

31. sa pañcabhirmmahahāpapātakaiḥ sopapātakaiśca samyuktaḥ syāditi | uktam ca bhagavatāpārāśaryyeṇa ve-

32. davyāsena vyāsena || bahubhirvvasudhā bhuktā rājabhiḥ sagarādibhiryyasaya yasya yadā bhūmiḥ

33. tasya yasya tadā phalam || 2 || vindhyāṭavīṣvatoyāsu śuṣkakoṭaravāsinaḥ | kṛṣṇāhayo hi jāyante bhūmidā-

34. yam harantiye || 3 || ṣaṣṭim varṣa sahasrāṇi svargge modati bhūmidaḥ | ācchettā cānumantā ca tānyeva narake 

35. vaset || 4 || svadattām paradattām vā yatnādraṣa yudhiṣṭhira | mahīm mahimatām śreṣṭha dānācchreyonupālanam || 5 || 

36. yānīha dattāni purā narendrairddānāni dharmmārtthaya śaskarāṇi | nirbhuktamālyapratimāni tāni ko 

37. nāma sādhuḥ punarādadīta || 6 || samvatsaraśatacatuṣṭaye ṣaḍuttare bhādrapadaśuddhapañcadaśyām 

38. dūtakotra śrīvallabhabappaḥ | mahābalādhikṛtavāsavasamādeśāt likhitamidam tasyaivānu-

39. jena samdhivigrahādhikṛtadevadinneneti ||

Inscription by: Śilāhāra
Balipattana Plates of Raṭṭarāja
  • Śilāhāra
  • 23rd December 1010 CE (Puṣya Kṛṣṇa Pratipadā, Śaka 932)
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Balipattaṇa (modern Kharepatan), Ratnagiri, Karnataka
  • Sasnkrit with minor influences of Marathi
  • Source: CII Vol 6, pp 193-199.
Introduction

Originally in the possession of Dr. S. R. Bhandarkar, this three-plate copper charter belongs to the reign of the Śilāhāra ruler Raṭṭarāja. The plates are bound by a circular ring featuring a Garuḍa seal in human form. The text, composed in a mix of Sanskrit prose and verse with occasional Marathi intrusions, while the script continues to be Nāgarī. The record was drafted by the same scribe, Lokapārya, who engraved the Khārepāṭaṇ charter. 

Issued from the capital city of Balipattaṇa (modern Kharepatan) on Sunday, the first tithi of the dark fortnight of Pauṣa in the Śaka 932 (1010 CE), the charter records a royal grant to Saṅkamaiya, son of the brāhmaṇa Nāgamaiya, the military chief (seṇavai). The donation comprised of a rice field yielding dual crop (vāiṅgaṇa) in the rice-village of Kalvāla and an areca-nut orchard in the hamlet of Āvaḍi, situated west of the agrahāra village Palaure. The grant was executed on Uttarāyaṇa saṅkrānti. The donation was made in the presence of guilds, artisans, chief officers, and the residents of the five maṭhas. The text concludes with the standard imprecatory verses and a reaffirmation of the legal requisites of a faultless charter.

Translation
See Original

Success! Hail!

Verse 1

May the fortune of living beings who perform the religious observances which are the most important in their worldly existence, be in abundance by the grace of their favourite deity!

Verse 2

There was the lord of the Vidyādharas, Jīmūtavāhana by name, a good son of Jīmūtaketu, who sacrificed his life to Garuḍa.

Verse 3

From him was descended the Silāra family, the best among the royal families of Siṃhala, which became extremely powerful as it had the good fortune of the blessings of abundant beings.

Verse 4

In that family there was the well-known king Saṇaphulla by name, who had the favour of Kṛṣṇarāja. He occupied the country stretching from the shore of the ocean to the Sahaya mountain.

Verse 5

He had a son, Dhammiyara by name, who was another Dharma incarnate.
Valorous as he was. He, the fortunate one, founded the great fort of Balipattana.

Verse 6

After him, there was king Aiyapa, who had the qualities of a conqueror, who was crowned with the water of the coconut trees growing near Candrapura.

Verse 7

From him was born Avasara I, who was conversant with the principles of the science of politics; who, being of terrible valour, burnt with his sole eye the bundle of sticks in the form of his enemies.

Verses 8-9

From him was born his son named Ādityavarman, whose splendour was like that of the Sun. From him was born Avasara II, a righteous king, who vanquished his enemies, and who rendered military assistance to the rulers of Cemūlya and Candrapura. From him was born Indrarāja, who appeared very splendid by his liberality as well as the enjoyment of pleasures.

Verse 10

From him was born Bhīma of abundant fortune, valorous like the Pāṇḍava Bhīma, who, brilliant as he was, annexed Candramaṇḍala by his valour even as Rāhu devours the moon by his lustre.

Verse 11

From him was descended king Avasara III, possessed of great discrimination. Wise as he himself was, he gave support to learned men. He was brave and had a very handsome form.

Verse 12

From him was born the king, Raṭṭa by name, the foremost among the meritorious, conversant with political wisdom, and self-controlled, who waits upon those who are proficient in the principles of political science.

Line 32

In prosperous Balipattana situated in the kingdom of mahāmāṇḍalika Raṭṭarāja, which is increasing and venerable like the Sun and the Moon—

Raṭṭarāja, having called together the residents of the five great maṭhas, guilds, artisans and the chief amātyas, informs them as follows:-

Be it known to you. On the occasion of the Uttarāyaṇa Saṅkrānti, on Sunday, the first tithi of the dark fortnight of Puṣya (i.e. Pauṣa) in the cyclic year Sādhāraṇa in the years nine hundred increased by thirty-two, which have elapsed by the era of the śaka King, in figures also 932, the illustrious Raṭṭarāja, adorned with all royal titles, has, by pouring water with his own hand on the hand of the donee, granted to Saṅkamaiya, son of the Brāhmaṇa Seṇāvai Nāgamaiya, a rice–field yielding two crops annually in the rice-village of Kalvāla, with……… an orchard of areca-nuts was also given to him as a means of livelihood of a Brāhmaṇa named Chāṭhavaiya, son of Kuṃvaraiya, grandson of the Brāhmaṇa Sañjhaiya, residing in the hamlet named Āvaḍi, situated to the west of the agrahāra village Palauree, for the religious merit of his grand-daughter Annaṇā, ………… the well-known boundaries of the orchard being as follows—on the east, a stone temple; on the south the river; on the west, the sea near Voribhāṭhā; on the north, the village Gāvoma.

Line 61

The sons and grandsons of the illustrious Raṭṭarāja, should preserve this gift as tax-free, with all the exemptions in favour of the sons and grandsons of this Brāhmaṇa. If this gift is confiscated, there would be a great sin. And it has been said by the sages –

         (Here follow three benedictory and imprecatory verses.)

Line 75

He who, though thus entreated, will confiscate this old religious gift, his mind being clouded by the Kali Age, will experience the effect of his action in a hell.

         (Here follow two similar verses.)

Line 84

Having understood these sayings of the sages, all future kings should covet only the religious reward of the preservation of this gift and should not incur any infamy due to its confiscation.

In confirmation of this gift, the illustrious Raṭṭarāja puts his hand to his signature.

“This is the signature of Me, the illustrious Raṭṭarāja.”

Verse 18

A charter becomes authoritative when it is faultless in regard to its seal, faultless in regard to the observance of rules, and faultless as regards possession, and has the requisite marks, and is faultless in respect of the king’s signature.

This has been written by the son, named Lokapārya, of the Sāndhivigrahika, the illustrious Devapāla.

May there be bliss and great prosperity!

Do not take away this gift-charter.

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First plate

1. siddham | svasti | śrīrapi vipulā stādabhima-

2. tadevatāprasādena | saṃsārasā –

3. radharmmakriyāvatāṃ prāṇināṃ sa –

4. tatam || āsīdvidyādharādhīśo

5. garuttmaddattajīvitaḥ | jīmūtaketoḥ sa –

6. tputro nāmnā jīmūtavāhanaḥ || tataḥ

7. silāravaṃśobhūtsiṃhalakṣmābhṛtāṃ vara-

8. ḥ | prabhūtabhūtasaubhāgyabhāgyavāṃstatra co-

9. rjjitaḥ || nāmnā saṇaphulaḥ khyātaḥ kṛ-

10. ṣṇarājaprasādavān | samudratīrasahyā-

11. ntadeśa saṃsādhako nṛpaḥ || tatsuto dharmma

12. evābhūnnāmnā dhammiyaraḥ paraḥ | pratā-

13. pavānmahādurggabalipattanakṛt kṛtī

14. || tasmādaiyaparājobhūdvijigīṣu-

15. guṇānvitaḥ | snātaścandrapurāsannanā-

16. likerāmbunā sa yaḥ || babhūvāvasarasta-

17. smānnītistrārthatattvavit | ekane-

18. trapralagdhārikāṇḍaścaṇḍaparākramaḥ ||

19. ādityavarmmā putrobhūttejasādityava-

20. ttataḥ | tasmādavasarāryobhūjjitāri-

21. rddharmmavānnṛpaḥ || cemūlyacandrapuraja-

22. kṣmābhūtsāhāyyakārakāt | tatobhava-

23. dindarastyāgabhogātisundaraḥ || 

Second Plate : First Side

24. tasmātprabhūtabhāgyobhūdbhīmo bhī-

25. mābhavikramaḥ | tejasā rāhuva –

26. grastacandramaṇḍala ujjavalaḥ || ta-

27. taścāvasaro rājā jātotīva-

28. vivekavān | prājñaḥ prājñajanā-

29. vāsaḥ dhīraḥ paramarūpavān || raṭṭa-

30. nāmābhavattasmādrājā puṇyavatāṃ va –

31. raḥ | nītijño nītiśāstrārthavṛddha-

32. sevī jitendriyaḥ || tasya mamāṇḍa-

33. likaśrīraṭṭāryarājarājye | candrā-

34. rkapravarddhamāna[pū]jye śrībalipatta-

35. ne || pañcamahāmaṭhasthānanagaraha-

36. Ñjamānapradhānāmātyavarggaḥ māhūya raṭṭarāja sambo-

37. ditam || śakatṛpakālātītasa-

38. ṃvatsara navaśaśateṣu dvātriṃśadadhi-

39. keṣvaṅkatopi 932 sādhāraṇasa –

40. ṃvatsarāntargata puṣyabahulaprati –

41. padi ravivāre uttarāyaṇasaṅkrā-

42. ntau samastarājābalīsamalaṅkṛ-

43. ta śrīraṭṭarājena svahastena hasto-

44. dakaṃ kṛtvā brāhmaṇaseṇāva-ināga-

45. maiyasutasaṅkamaiyasya kalvāla-

46. bhaktagrāmādvā-iṅgaṇakṣetra …

Second Plate : Second Side

47. …… stasyābhidhānam | javalarā-

48. …. ca valoṭhī atra ubhayata-

49. ḥ japatanabha ….. rāṣaṭkamaryā-

50. dāḥ | anyacca | agrahārapala-u –

51. regrāmātpaścimāyāmāvaḍi nāma

52. vāḍī tatra sañjhaiyanāmabrāhmaṇasta-

53. sya naptṛ kuṃvaraiyasya ca chāṭhavvaiya –

54. nāmā brāhmaṇastena ca svakīyana –

55. ptikā annaṇā svarūpeṇa śrīmāra-

56. saha pūgasthalī jīvaloko datta-

57. stasya maryādāḥ | pūrvvataḥ pāṣāṇade-

58. ulī | dakṣiṇataḥ nadī | paścimataḥ

59. voribhāṭhāsamīpasamudraḥ | uttara-

60. taḥ gāvoma | iti suprasiddhamaryā-

61. dā viśuddhaḥ | śrīraṭṭarājaputrapautraiḥ

62. etacca putrapautrebhyaḥ namasyarūpe-

63. ṇa sarvvaparihārānpratipālanīyam |

64. etadapaharaṇe mahāndoṣaḥ saṃpadya-

65. te || uktañca munibhiḥ | yānīha dattā-

66. ni purā narendrairddānāni dharmmārthaya –

67. śaskarāṇi | nirmmālyavāntaḥnta prati-

68. māni tāni ko nāma sādhuḥ punarā-

69. dadīta || bahubhirvasudhā bhuktā rā-

70. jabhiḥ sagarādibhiḥ | yasya yasya


Third Plate : First Side 

71. yadā bhūmistasya tasya tadā phalam || 

72. sāmānyoyaṃ dharmmaseturnṛpāṇāṃ kā-

73. le kāle pālanīyo bhavadbhiḥ | sa –

74. rvānetānbhāvinaḥ pārthivendrānbhū-

75. yo bhūyo yācate rāmabhadraḥ || yastve-

76. vamabhyarthitopi kalikālamuṣitamana-

77. skaḥ purātanadharmmadāyaluptiṃ kariṣya-

78. ti sa eva nirayaphalamanubhaviṣyati

79. || uktaṃ ca | svadattāṃ paradattāṃ vā yo ha-

80. reta vasundharām | ṣaṣṭiṃ varṣasahasrāṇi

81. viṣṭhāyāṃ sa kṛmirbhavet || ṣaṣṭivarṣa-

82. sahasrāṇi svargge tiṣṭhati bhūmidaḥ |

83. ācchettā cānumantā ca tānyeva narakaṃ

84. vrajet || iti munivacanānyavadhārya

85. | samastāgāminṛpatibhiḥ pālanadha-

86. rmmaphalalobha eva karaṇīyaḥ | na pu-

87. nastallopakalaṅkaparairbhavitavyam ||

88. yathā caitadevam | śrīraṭṭarājaḥ svaha –

89. ste svahastamāropayati | svahastoyaṃ mama

90. śrīraṭṭarājasya | mudrāśuddhaṃ kriyāśu-

91. ddhaṃ bhuktiśuddhaṃ sacinhnakam | rājasva-

92. hastaśuddhaṃ tu śuddhimāyāti śāsanam ||

93. sāndhivigrahikaśrīdevapālārya-

94. sutena lokapāryanāmnā likhita-

95. midamiti || maṅgalaṃ mahāśrīḥ ||

Third Plate: Second Side

96. alaṃ haraṇena dānapadṛsya |

edit-icnEditor's Comment:
Diverging from the established paradigm of land endowments reserved strictly for the acquisition of religious merit through the patronage of Vedic scholars, this record pertains to a recipient whose father occupied a distinguished military position.
Inscription by: Vākāṭakas
Bamhanī Plates of Bharatabala
  • Pāṇḍavas of Mekalā
  • c. 5th century CE (Bhādrapada, kṛṣṇa 13, Regnal year 2)
  • Copper Plate
  • Land Grant
  • Religious
  • Bamhani, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
  • Sanskrit
  • Source: CII Vol 5, pp. 82-88.
Introduction

The Bamhani charter, discovered in the Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh, is an epigraphic record of mahārāja Bharatabala of the Pāṇḍava lineage of Mekalā. Engraved on three copper plates in the nail-headed Brāhmī, the text comprises both Sanskrit prose and verse. The charter, drafted by Śiva and engraved by the goldsmith Mihiraka, dates to the second regnal year of Bharatabala. 

The text delineates the Pāṇḍava genealogy of Mekalā tracing the lineage from Jayabala to the Bharatabala, indirectly acknowledging his vassalage to Vākāṭaka king Narendrasena. The primary objective is to record the royal donation of the village Vardhamānaka, located within the Pañcagarta viṣaya, to the brāhmaṇa Lohitasarasvāmin of the Vatsa gotra and Mādhyandina śākhā. Issued on the thirteenth lunar day of the dark fortnight of Bhādrapada, the grant conveys standard fiscal privileges and administrative exemptions. The royal directive is communicated to local officers of villages (grāmakūṭas), cluster of villages (droṇāgraka); temple officers (devavārika) and gaṇḍakas.

Translation
See Original

Verse 1

There was, in the lineage of the Pāṇḍavas of extremely spotless glory and abundant lustre, a king of Mekalā who acquired wide fame and became foremost among the lords of the earth. He, by his own glorious deeds, has for all time become renowned in this world by the name of Jayabala, a disposer of fortune, who had a charming form and was adorned with a multitude of excellent qualities.

Verse 2

He had a son, who resembled the lord of Vatsa (i.e., Udayana); who attained victories in battles; who was famous, compassionate, endowed with virtues, and conversant with religious rites; and who made the gardens of the houses of his enemies crowded with wild beasts.

Verse 3

There was the king, the illustrious Vatsarāja, who was magnanimous; who extolled the good deeds of others; who could differentiate between merits, was obliging to his people, righteous, and devoted to good policy.

Line 8

His son was the illustrious mahārāja Nāgabala, born of the illustrious queen Droṇabhaṭṭārikā, who meditated on his feet; who was a devout worshipper of Maheśvara (Śiva) and a great patron of the Brāhmaṇas; who was regarded as the most revered teacher, a deity, and the supreme divinity, and who was possessed of royal fortune.

Verse 4

As he marched along, the earth, the paths of which were pounded by the hoofs of his horses, obscured the quarters, their farthest regions becoming dry and disturbed by dust; but his elephants, whose temples were soiled with rutting juice, immediately restored order to them, making them wet with the spray of their rut.

Line 13

Then there is his son, the illustrious mahārāja Bharata, born of the illustrious queen Indrabhaṭṭārikā, who meditates on his feet; who is a devout worshipper of Maheśvara and a great patron of the Brāhmaṇas; and who is regarded as the most revered teacher, a deity, and the supreme divinity.

Verse 5

From her, who was endowed with the qualities of compassion and good nature as well as generosity and wisdom, there was born the son known as Indra, possessed of a spotless and lovely lustre, even as Kārttikeya was born from Pārvatī, the daughter of the lord of mountains.

Verse 6

He is the god Indra in the destruction of his enemies and the god Fire, brilliant with lustre; he is amiable and steadfast in his adherence to good behavior. He has attained authority and eminence in consequence of the sacred mantras recited by the Brāhmaṇas; his appearance makes good persons happy and leads to the attainment, by the people, of religious merit and prosperity. He is always honoured by good persons with presents of wealth, even as a sacrificial fire kindled on the altar is with offerings of ghee, etc.

Verse 7

He is the powerful one who has covered all regions with the dead bodies of the multitude of mighty and roaring enemies whom he has forcibly overthrown, even as an excellent quarter-elephant does with the lofty, thickly growing, and resounding trees which it uproots. May the Earth, who yields the three objects of religious merit, wealth, and enjoyment, produce abundant prosperity due to good government throughout the entire dominion of this king who thus exerts himself!

Verse 8

The illustrious king Bharata, the foremost among the lords of the earth, resembles Indra, the lord of gods, in valour. It is he who has given shelter to the Fortune of the multitude of foes slain by him, when she resorted to his arm.
The matchless one—

Verse 9

who is, as it were, the Gaṅgā herself, descended here from the world of gods, sanctifying the people, she who has a character bright and spotless like crystal, which is purified by restraints and vows, even as the Gaṅgā has a pure stream of crystal-like white and clear water flowing within its banks; and who is endowed with a multitude of tranquility and other virtues, just as the Gaṅgā has its waves of water;

Verse 10

who, named Lokaprakāśā, has become the best royal consort of the king Bharatabala, whose fame is lovely like the moonbeams. Being born in a family of the gods, she has become highly renowned. By her constant pursuit of the three purushārthas of religious merit, prosperity, and happiness, she has dispelled the darkness of ignorance and has become extremely resplendent in the world; and she has attained an eminent status with her sons and grandsons, who, lion-like princes as they are, are devoted to justice and discipline.

Verse 11

The illustrious king, the sovereign, who is endowed with a multitude of excellences, who has destroyed his enemies, whose pair of feet, having the grace of full-blown lotuses and rubbed by the heads of several feudatory princes subdued by his perfect triad of powers, has overcome all regions, and whose birth is highly extolled by the people as being in the famous Lunar race,

Line 34

He issues the following order to all residents concerned, headed by the officials (viz., the Grāmakūṭa, the Chief of the Droṇāgraka, the Devavārika, and the Gaṇḍakas) in the village Vardhamānaka in the viṣaya of Pañcagartā, included in the Uttara rāṣṭra (Northern Division) of Mekalā,

Line 36

“Be it known to you that for the increase of the religious merit of Our father and mother and of Ourself, We have donated this village extending to its four boundaries—together with udraṅga and uparikara, together with treasures and deposits, and with the privilege that it is not to be entered by our soldiers and policemen except for punishing thieves, to the illustrious Lohitasarasvāmin of the Vatsa gotra and the Mādhyandina śākhā, to be enjoyed by him and his successors as long as the moon, the sun, the earth, and the stars will endure.

Knowing this, you should obey his orders and offer him the bhoga and bhāga according to custom.”

This command has been given by Me personally. And those kings also who will be born in our family should consent to and maintain these gifts. And whosoever will cause obstruction in the enjoyment of this grant will incur the guilt of the five great sins.
(Here occur three benedictive and imprecatory verses.)

Line 47

This charter is concluded. In the year 2 of the increasingly victorious reign, on the thirteenth lunar day of the dark fortnight of Bhādrapada, the nakṣatra being Puṣya.
This charter has been written by Śiva, son of the Rāhasika Īśana, and engraved by Mihiraka, son of the goldsmith Īśvara.

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First Plate

1. siddham | svastiḥ | āsīdyaḥ pāṇḍavānām suvimalayaśasāmanvaye bhūridhāmnām rā

2. jābhūnmekalāyām kṣitipatitilakaḥ saṃprasūtorukīrttiḥ | śrīmānśrīsam-

3. vidhātā jayabala iti yaḥ khyāpyate svairyyaśobhiḥ lokesmin sarvvadaiva

4. pravaraguṇagaṇālaṅkṛtaścārumūrttiḥ || tasyāhavāhṛtajayaḥ prathitodayā-

5. vānvatseśvarapratisamo guṇavānvidhijñaḥ | putrobhavadripugṛho-

6. vanāni yena vanyairmṛgaiḥ pracuratāmupapāditāni || mahānubhāvaḥ

7. sukṛtapraśamsīguṇāntarajñaḥ puruṣopabhogyaḥ | saddharmmaśīlaḥ sunayapra-

8. dhānaḥ śrīvatsarājonṛpatirbbabhūva || tasya putrastatpādānudhyātaḥ pa-

9. ramamāheśvaraḥ paramabrahmaṇyaḥ paramagurudevatādhidaivataviśeṣaḥ

10. śrīmān śrīmatyām devyām droṇabhaṭṭārikāyāmutpannaḥ śrīmahārājanā-

11. gabalaḥ | turagakhuranipātakṣuṇṇamārgā dharitrīmalinayati digantān

12. pām surūkṣākulāntān | madamalinakapolā vāraṇā yasya

Second Plate : First Side

13. yātaḥ praśamamupanayante śīkarārdrān kṣaṇena || tatastasya putrastatpādā-

14. nudhyātaḥ paramamāheśvaraḥ paramabrahmaṇyaḥ paramagurudevatādhidaivata-

15. viśeṣaḥ śrīmatyām devyāmindrabhaṭṭārikāyāma mutpannaḥ śrīmahārājabharataḥ

16. indro dayāśīlaguṇānvitāyā audāryyacāturyyasamanvitāyāḥ pu-

17. ttraḥ prasūtomalacārukāntiḥ śailendraputryā iva kārttikeyaḥ || indro dā-

18. raṇisabhamvetha hutabhuktejjvalaḥ snehavāmtsadvṛttasthitivipramantra-

19. vidhṛtaprāptapramāṇonnatiḥ || dṛṣṭaḥ sādhusukhodayāya hi nṛṇām dha-

20. rmmārthasampādakaḥ vedyāmadhvarasamsthite vasuhutaḥ pūjyaḥ satām sarvva-

21. dā || yenottuṅgaripudrumairaviralairbbhagnaiḥ samastā diśaśchannādigvara-

22. dantineva guruṇā vyākṛṣya visphūrjjitaiḥ | yasyaivam vidhaceṣṭi tasya nṛ-

23. pateḥ kṛtsne mahīmaṇḍale saurājyaśriyamādadhātu vipulā dharmmārthakāma-

24. pradāḥ || śrībharataḥ kṣitināthaḥ kṣitipatitilakaḥ surendrasamavīryyaḥ-

25. vinihataripugaṇalakṣmīm dadhāra yaḥ samśritām svabhuje || ekaiva

Second Plate : Second Side

26. sphaṭikavimalaśumram bibhratī śīlatoyam | yamaniyamataṭāntaprāntaśu-

27. ddhapravāham | praśamaguṇagaṇormiryājanam pāvayantī svayamiha sura-

28. lokādāgatā jāhnavīva || śrīmaccāndrāmśukīrterbharatabalanṛpasyottamārāja-

29. patnī | jātāyākosalāyāmamarajakulajā kīrtti muccairdadhānā || śaśvaddharmārthe-

30. kāmaprativihitatama yayāsā lokaprakāśā yātāpautraiḥ prapautrairnaya vinayara-

31. tai rājasimhaiḥ pratiṣṭhām || yosau sampūrṇaśaktitrayavinipatitānekasāmanta-

32. mūrddhaprodghṛṣṭotphullapapardati calanayugākrāntadikcakravālaḥ | saumyaḥ so-

33. yañca vamśaḥ prabhava iti jane kīrtyete yasya coccaiḥ sa śrīmānsārvabhaumapra

34. thita guṇagaṇodīrṇavairo narendraḥ || tataḥ mekalāyām uttararāṣṭre pāñca ga-

35. rttāviṣaye varddhamānake | grāmakūṭadroṇāgrakanāyakadevavārikagaṇḍaka-

36. pramukhānsarvāneva yathāprativāsinaḥ samājñāpayati viditamastu

37. madīyapādaiḥ grāmaḥ sādraṅgāsoparikaraḥ acāṭabhaṭapraveśyaḥ sani-

38. dhiḥ sopanidhiscoradaṇḍavarjam catuḥsīmāparyyanta ācandrārkakṣiti-

Third Plate

39. tārakānirodhena mātāpitrorātmanaśca puṇyābhivṛddhaye vatsasagotraśrīmā-

40. ddhyandinalohitasarasvāmine pratipāditaityavagamya yathocitabhāgabho-

41. genājñāśravaṇavidheyairbhavitavyamiti | svayamājñāpanā | ye cāsmadvamśe samutpa-

42. dyante rājāna stairapīyam dattiranumodanīyānupālanīyā ca | yaḥ ścaimātām dattim vilopamā-

43. pādayiṣyati sa pañcabhirmahāpātakaiḥ samyuktaḥ syāditi | bahubhirvasudhā bhuktā rāja-

44. bhissagarādibhiḥ | yasya yasya yadā bhūmistasya tasya tadā phalam || ṣaṣṭim varṣasa-

45. hasrāṇi svargge modati bhūmidaḥ | ācchettā cānumantā ca tānyeva narake vaset || sva-

46. dattām paradattām vāyatnādrakṣanarādhipa | mahīm mahimatām śreṣṭha dānācchreyonupālanam ||

47. samāptam cedam śāsanam || pravarddhamāna vijayarājyasamvatsare 2 bhādrapadakṛṣṇatra-

48. yodaśyām puṇyanakṣatreṇa | likhitañcedam śāsanam rāhasikeśānaputreṇa śiveno-

49. tkīrṇañca suvarṇṇakāreśvaraputreṇa mihirakeṇeti ||

Loading more inscriptions...

Index
(120 inscriptions found)
arrow-right
Abhōṇa Plates of Śaṅkaragaṇa
arrow-right
Ajaṇṭā Cave Inscription of Varāhadeva
arrow-right
Akṣī Stone Inscription of Keśideva II
arrow-right
Ambarnāth Temple Inscription of Māṃvaṇirāja
arrow-right
An unfinished Durg Plate
arrow-right
Anjaneri Plates of Jayabhaṭa III
arrow-right
Bagh Cave Plate of Subandhu
arrow-right
Bagumra Plates of Allaśakti
arrow-right
Balipattana Plates of Raṭṭarāja
arrow-right
Bamhanī Plates of Bharatabala
arrow-right
Barwani Plate of Subandhu
arrow-right
Bassein Stone Inscription of Anantadevā II
arrow-right
Bassein Stone Inscription of Mallikārjuna
arrow-right
Belorā Plates (Set A and B) of Pravarasena II
arrow-right
Berlin Museum Plates of Chittarāja
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Bhoighar Plates of Chittarāja
arrow-right
Bhādāna Grant of Aparājita
arrow-right
Bhāṇḍup Plates of Chittarāja
arrow-right
British Museum Stone Inscription of the reign of Haripāladeva
arrow-right
Bālāghāṭ Plates of Pṛthivīṣeṇa II
arrow-right
Bāmaṇī Stone Inscription of Vijayāditya
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Bāsim Plates of Vindhyaśakti II
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Cammak Plates of Pravarasena II
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Caudharapāḍā Stone Inscription of Keśideva II
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Chiplun Stone Inscription of Mallikārjuna
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Cincaṇī Plate of the Reign of Chittarāja
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Cintra Stone Inscription of Aparāditya I
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Cānje Stone Inscription of Aparāditya I
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Cānje Stone Inscription of Someśvara
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Deoṭek Stone Inscription of Rudrasena I
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Dive Āgar Plate of Mummuṇirāja
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Dive Āgar Plates of Chittarāja
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Dive Āgar Stone Inscription of Anantadeva III
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Dudiā Plates of Pravarasena II
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Ganj Stone Inscription of Vyāghradeva
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Ghaṭotkaca Cave Inscription of Varāhadeva
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Herle Stone Inscription of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Honnur Image Inscription of the reign of Ballāla
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India Office Plate of Devasena
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Indore Plate of Bhuluṇḍa
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Indore Plate of Svāmidāsa
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Indore Plates of Pravarasena II
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Inscription in Ajaṇṭā Cave XVII
arrow-right
Janjirā Plates (Set I) of Aparājita
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Janjirā Plates (Set II) of Aparājita
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Jugal Fragmentary Stone Inscription of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Jugal Fragmentary Stone Inscription of Vijayāditya
arrow-right
Jāmb Plates of Pravarasena II
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Kairā Plates of Dadda II (Praśāntarāga)
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Kairā Plates of Dadda II (Praśāntarāga)
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Kanheri Plate of Traikūṭaka
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Kankhera Stone Inscription of Śrīdharavarman
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Kasare Plates of Allaśakti
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Kavi Plate of Jayabhaṭa IV
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Kaśeli Grant of Bhoja II
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Khidrāpur Stone Inscription of the Reign of Vijayāditya
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Khidrāpur Stone Inscription of the Yādava King Siṅghaṇa
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Khārepāṭaṇ Plates of Anantadeva I
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Khārepāṭaṇ Plates of Raṭṭarāja
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Kolhāpur Plates of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Kolhāpur Plates of Gaṇḍarāditya : Śaka Year 1037
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Kolhāpur Stone Inscription of Bhoja II
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Kolhāpur Stone Inscription of Bhoja II : Śaka Year 1104
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Kolhāpur Stone Inscription of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Kolhāpur Stone Inscription of Vijayāditya
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Kolhāpur Śeṣaśāyī Temple Inscription of the Reign of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Kutāpur Grant of Bhoja II
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Kānhērī Cave Inscription of Kapardin II
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Kānhērī Cave Inscription of Kapardin II: Śaka Year 799
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Kānhērī Cave Inscription of Pullaśakti
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Lonāḍ Stone Inscription of Aparāditya II
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Miraj Plates of Mārasiṃha
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Miraj Stone Inscription of Vijayāditya
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Māhul Stone Inscription of Haripāladeva
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Māṇḍavī Stone Inscription of Keśideva II
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Nacne-Kī-Talāī Stone Inscriptions of Vyāghradeva
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Nandui Stone Inscription of Aparāditya II
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Nashik Cave Inscription of Īśvarasena
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Nashik Plates of Dharāśraya-Jayasimha
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Navsari Plates of Jayabhaṭa III
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Navsari Plates of Pulakēśirāja
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Navsari Plates of Yuvarāja Śryāśraya-Śīlāditya
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Panhāle Plates of Vikramāditya
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Pardi Plates of Dahrasena
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Parel Stone Inscription of Aparāditya II
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Paṭṭan Plates of Pravarasena II
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Paṭṭaṇakuḍi Plates of Avasara II
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Poonā Plates of Prabhāvatīguptā
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Prince of Wales Museum Plates of Chhadvaidēva
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Prince of Wales Museum Plates of Jayabhaṭa IV
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Prince of Wales Museum Plates of Mummuṇirāja
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Pāṇḍhurṇā Plates of Pravarasena II
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Pāṭnā Museum Plate of Pravarasena II
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Rāmṭek Plate of Pravarasena II
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Rānjalī Stone Inscription of Haripāladeva
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Rānvaḍ Stone Inscription of Someśvara
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Sankheda Plate of Raṇagraha
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Sankheda Plate of Śaṅkaragaṇa
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Sankheda Plates (First Set) of Dadda II (Praśāntarāga)
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Sankheda Plates (Second Set) of Dadda II (Praśāntarāga)
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Sarsavṇi Plates of Buddharāja
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Sirpur Plate of Rudradāsa
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Siwanī Plates of Pravarasena II
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Sunao Kalā Plates of Saṅgmasimha
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Surat Plates of Vyāghrasena
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Surat Plates of Yuvarāja Śryāśraya-Śīlāditya
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Tiroḍī Plates of Pravarasena II
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Tālale Plates of Gaṇḍarāditya
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Vadner Plates of Buddharāja
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Vaḍavalī Grant of Aparāditya I
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Vihār Stone Inscription of Anantadeva I
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Waḍgaon Plates of Pravarasena II
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Āgāśī Stone Inscription of Aparāditya I
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Āgāśī Stone Inscription of Haripāladeva
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Śeḍbāl Stone Inscription of the Reign of Vijayāditya
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Ṛddhapur Plates of Prabhāvatīguptā
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Ṭhāṇā Plates of Arikesarin
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Ṭhāṇā Plates of Mummuṇirāja
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Ṭhāṇā Plates of Nāgārjuna
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Ṭhāṇā Stone Inscription of Aparāditya II